This article investigates HIV/AIDS as a cosmological problem among Northern Sotho and Tsonga-speakers in the South African lowveld. Based on in-depth interviews with 70 informants (35 men and 35 women) I show how the attribution of blame for HIV/AIDS articulates gendered concerns. I suggest that women blamed men and envious nurses for spreading the virus and that these discourses expressed women's ideological association with the domestic domain. By contrast, men invoked conspiracy theories, blaming translocal agents--such as Dr. Wouter Basson, Americans, soldiers, and governments--for the pandemic. I suggest that these theories are informed by men's humiliating experiences of job losses and deindustrialization in the global labour market. My discussion highlights the need for HIV/AIDS interventions in order to address not only women's oppression but also men's gendered concerns.
\n \n\n \n \nThis article analyses whether and how intra-household remittance volumes vary with the length of a migrant's absence, and whether the drivers and dynamics of remittance decay depend on the migrant's destination. We address these questions by using data from the 64th round of the Indian National Sample Survey, conducted between July 2007 and June 2008. We find that the average intra-household remittance function follows a curvilinear trajectory that is best approximated by a quartic (M-shaped) specification. The volatility of intra-household remittances is distinct across migration destinations, with international remittance flows being more volatile than internal intra-state or inter-state flows.
\n \n\n \n \nOver the last two decades a consensus has been reached that there are forces which lead to the inception of migration and to the perpetuation of movement (Massey et al. 1998). Taken together, these can be understood as the \u2018drivers\u2019 of migration. \u2018Drivers\u2019 are then the factors which get migration going and keep it going once begun. This paper attempts to identify key drivers of migration and explores different ways in which they may be configured. It points to ways to assess their different significance or weight, and to investigate their relationship with development and poverty reduction. The paper gives an indication of the extent of the existing evidence, draws attention to research that needs to be done in this area, and points to the future shape of Research Programme Consortium (RPC) research on the drivers theme.
\n \n\n \n \nLa mani\u00e8re dont l\u2019objet \u00ab migration \u00bb est abord\u00e9 empiriquement, la mani\u00e8re dont les terrains\r\nd\u2019\u00e9tude sont d\u00e9termin\u00e9s et pratiqu\u00e9s, influent sur les donn\u00e9es produites et constituent en cela des questions m\u00e9thodologiques de premi\u00e8re importance. Afin de reconsid\u00e9rer la place du \u00ab voyage \u00bb dans la migration, alors que celle-ci fut longtemps r\u00e9duite par les \u00e9tudes migratoires aux temps et aux lieux fixes du d\u00e9part et de l\u2019arriv\u00e9e des individus, le transit est ici envisag\u00e9 en tant que \u00ab moment \u00bb signifiant de ces processus migratoires. \u00c0 travers l\u2019\u00e9tude des pratiques de taxation ill\u00e9gales des migrants mises en place par les agents de l\u2019\u00c9tat nig\u00e9rien le long des voies de circulation de la r\u00e9gion d\u2019Agadez, ce travail dans les espaces de transit, et notamment dans les transports, permet de produire des connaissances empiriques compl\u00e9mentaires de celles produites dans les autres\r\nespaces concern\u00e9s par les migrations (trans)sahariennes. Enfin, en reconnaissant l\u2019int\u00e9r\r\n\u00eat du croisement des m\u00e9thodes qualitatives et quantitatives, la question des limites pratiques et des enjeux \u00e9thiques de la quantification des flux de transit est soulev\u00e9e, rappelant la dimension politique des recherches sur les migrations entre l\u2019Afrique subsaharienne, le Maghreb et l\u2019Europe.
\n \n\n \n \nLa R\u00e9publique D\u00e9mocratique du Congo (RDC) est un pays \u00e0 potentiel migratoire \u00e9lev\u00e9. De Kinshasa, sa capitale, part un courant migratoire centrifuge dont les flux empruntent quatre axes majeurs et irriguent les grandes villes d\u2019Afrique. Dans cette dynamique migratoire, le sujet f\u00e9minin occupe de plus en plus une place pr\u00e9pond\u00e9rante. Ce papier analyse cette mobilit\u00e9 f\u00e9minine intra-africaine et en indique les principaux itin\u00e9raires migratoires.
\n \n\n \n \nThe economic crisis is still affecting those countries that have trade and migration links with the United States and Europe. The sectors that employ migrant labour abroad have been among the most affected during this crisis. Consequently, there is increasing vulnerability for migrants in terms of labour conditions and less money flowing towards their communities of origin.
\n \n\n \n \nThis chapter looks at the international community\u2019s interest in fixing refugee populations in camps and how it conflicts with refugees\u2019 own practices of (often irregular) encampment and self-settlement in towns and cities. It first provides a brief overview of the many different forms of encampment before turning to a discussion of the emergence of the international refugee regime and how states could respond to the need for international protection in practice. It then examines some of the reasons for the rise of encampment and compares it with self-settlement. It argues that the narrow policy focus on refugee camps tends to obscure the much more flexible ways of self-settlement preferred by refugees.
\n \n\n \n \nThere is increasing recognition of the potential of migration in stimulating development in countries of origin. This acknowledgment accompanies a call to engage migrants and diaspora organisations in development cooperation. The present study analyses how multilateral organisations as well as European governments and development agencies have implemented such \u2018migrants and development\u2019 policies over the past three decades. It focuses specifically on the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and France, but also considers Belgium, Germany, Italy and Spain.
\n \n\n \n \nSiham, 29 ans, est une jeune femme mari\u00e9e depuis un an et demi \u00e0 un allemand, Thomas. Depuis un peu plus d\u2019un an, elle \u00e9tudie l\u2019allemand dans son pays natal. Son mari, Thomas, habite et travaille \u00e0 Bade-Wurtemberg en Allemagne. Siham habite toujours avec sa famille \u00e0 Casablanca. Depuis leur mariage, ce jeune couple ne s\u2019est vu que quatre fois. Le t\u00e9l\u00e9phone est leur seul outil de communication. Siham fait de grands efforts pour apprendre l\u2019allemand. Quatre fois par semaine, elle prend le grand taxi pour se rendre \u00e0 une \u00e9cole priv\u00e9e au centre de Casablanca. Les cours durent trois heures par s\u00e9ance mais, d\u00e8s son retour \u00e0 la maison Siham enchaine ses r\u00e9visions. Le d\u00e9barras se trouvant au dernier \u00e9tage abrite des murs tapiss\u00e9s de dizaines de bouts de papiers et de notes \u00e9crites en allemand. Siham \u00e9crit en grandes lettres, arrondies, esquiss\u00e9es ou obliques comme le ferait un \u00e9l\u00e8ve d\u00e9butant. C\u2019est un peu son cas, car Siham ne s\u2019\u00e9tait jamais rendue \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9cole auparavant. Son prochain examen \u00e0 l\u2019institut Goethe, l\u2019institut culturel d\u2019Allemagne, sera le tout premier de sa vie. Elle s\u2019inqui\u00e8te tellement \u00e0 l\u2019id\u00e9e de le rater qu\u2019elle n\u2019arrive plus \u00e0 trouver le sommeil.
\n \n\n \n \nA two-day workshop on Environmental Change and Displacement, hosted with with the support of the UNHCR.\r\nAttended by about 50 participants, the conference examined current research evidence on the relationship between climate/environmental change and migration, and the role the academic community should play in providing policy makers with guidance in forming policy in preparation for potential large-scale migration. The majority of participants were either academics or representatives from organisations engaged in research in the field of environmentally induced migration. Participants also included representatives from intergovernmental and international organisations and research students from various universities.\r\nThe first day of the workshop focused on evidence and case studies as well as broader questions concerning the prediction of environmental migration and addressed methodological challenges. The second day moved on to consider legal and normative responses. The wide ranging discussion addressed many significant issues for future research and policy responses, yet clear answers were hard to reach.
\n \n\n \n \nThe paper explores the determinants of, and the relationship between ethnic culture retention and host society culture adoption among Turkish immigrants in Germany, France, and the Netherlands, using original survey data. To maximize cross-national comparability, we focus on immigrants from two Turkish regions who themselves or whose parents migrated before 1975. As indicators of ethnic retention we investigate Turkish and Muslim identification, Turkish language proficiency and observance of Islamic religious practices. Host culture adoption is measured by host country identification, host country language proficiency and use, and interethnic social contacts. We formulate hypotheses regarding cross-national differences based on how integration policy approaches affect the material benefits and emotional costs of retention and adoption. We find that ethnic retention is strongest in the Netherlands, where multicultural policies were long prevalent, while host culture adoption is strongest in the French context, which has more strongly emphasised assimilation, at least where participation in the public realm is concerned. We further show that on the individual level, there is a negative relationship between ethnic retention and host culture adoption, which persists after controlling for relevant background variables.
\n \n\n \n \nLa pr\u00e9sente \u00e9tude comparative est motiv\u00e9e : (1) par le caract\u00e8re historique de la migration et l\u2019installation des Sonra\u00ef et des Dogon au Ghana qui fut l\u2019une des plus vielles zones de contact entre l\u2019Afrique et l\u2019Europe. (2) Par la r\u00e9cente intensit\u00e9 et diversit\u00e9 de destinations de l\u2019\u00e9migration des Dogon et des Sonra\u00ef vers d\u2019autres pays africains proches et lointains. Notre r\u00e9flexion porte sur la nature et le rythme de cette migration qui draine des jeunes ruraux vers d\u2019autres zones rurales ou des centres urbains. La compr\u00e9hension des diff\u00e9rents mod\u00e8les migratoires exige une approche historique qui prenne en compte toutes les tendances migratoires d\u00e9velopp\u00e9es par ces deux communaut\u00e9s (de la p\u00e9riode coloniale \u00e0 nos jours). Comment les tendances migratoires des Dogon et Sonra\u00ef ont-elles chang\u00e9 ? Quelle est la tendance actuelle de ces deux communaut\u00e9s ? Quels sont les facteurs \u00e9conomiques et \u00e9cologiques qui ont d\u00e9termin\u00e9s ces changements ? Comment leur origine dogon ou Sonra\u00ef a d\u00e9termin\u00e9 leurs r\u00e9ponses aux conditions du travail au Ghana ? Cet article vise, gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 une approche historique et anthropologique, \u00e0 d\u00e9crire l\u2019anciennet\u00e9 de la migration dogon et sonrai au Ghana, les activit\u00e9s exerc\u00e9es par les deux communaut\u00e9s, et enfin les tendances actuelles de leur migration.
\n \n\n \n \nHighly skilled women migrants are doubly-disadvantaged by their sex and outsider status when moving to a new country. They are paid less than their male counterparts, are employed more often than men in jobs below their level of qualification or outside their area of expertise, and often have to face the dual responsibilities of family and work. While migration is an opportunity for them it comes at a high price, with their potential often left unfulfilled. This volume explores the complex relationship between gender and high-skill migration, with a special focus on the impact of the current economic crisis on highly skilled women-migrants in Europe. The contributors examine not only typically 'female' labour market sectors, such as nursing, but also analyse engineering, entrepreneurship and academia. Throughout, the collection adopts an interdisciplinary and multi-methodological approach combining perspectives from Migration Studies, Human Geography, Political Science, Social Anthropology and Legal Studies.
\n \n\n \n \nDespite Europe's mass investments in advanced border controls, people keep arriving along the continent's shores under desperate circumstances. European attempts to \u2018secure\u2019 or \u2018protect\u2019 the borders have quite clearly failed, as politicians themselves increasingly recognise \u2013 yet more of the same response is again rolled out in response to the escalating \u2018refugee crisis\u2019. Amid the deadlock, this article argues that we need to grasp the mechanics and logics of the European \u2018border security model\u2019 in order to open up for a change of course. Through ethnographic examples from the Spanish-African borders, the article shows how the striving for border security under a prevailing emergency frame has generated absurd incentives, negative path dependencies and devastating consequences. At Europe's frontiers, an industry of border controls has emerged, involving European defence contractors, member state security forces and their African counterparts, as well as a range of non-security actors. Whenever another \u2018border crisis\u2019 occurs, this industry grows again, feeding on its own apparent \u2018failures\u2019. This vicious cycle may be broken, the article concludes, once policy-makers start curtailing the economies of border security underpinning it \u2013 yet the challenges are formidable as the industry retrenches along with the political response to the drama it has itself produced.
\n \n\n \n \nThe Routledge Handbook of Immigration and Refugee Studies offers a comprehensive and unique study of the multi-disciplinary field of international migration and asylum studies. Utilising contemporary information and analysis, this innovative Handbook provides an in depth examination of legal migration management in the labour market and its affect upon families in relation to wider issues of migrant integration and citizenship.\r\n\r\nWith a comprehensive collection of essays written by leading contributors from a broad range of disciplines including sociology of migration, human geography, legal studies, political sciences and economics, the Handbook is a truly multi-disciplinary book approaching the critical questions of:\r\n\r\nMigration and the labour market\r\nIntegration and citizenship\r\nMigration, families and welfare\r\nIrregular migration\r\nSmuggling and trafficking in human beings\r\n asylum and forced migration.\r\n\r\nOrganised into short thematic and geographical chapters the Routledge Handbook of Immigration and Refugee Studies provides a concise overview on the different topics and world regions, as well as useful guidance for both the starting and the more experienced reader. The Handbook\u2019s expansive content and illustrative style will appeal to both students and professionals studying in the field of migration and international organisations.
\n \n\n \n \nThe article discusses the state-building and nation-building processes within Liberia, with primary focus given to the ways in which dual citizenship legislation informs these processes. The author explains the importance of forging a Liberian national identity to the post-conflict state-building process, and notes Liberia's history as a primarily diasporic nation. Economic development programs beginning with Liberia's interim government of 2003 are outlined, and the exclusionary nature of the country's immigration and citizenship laws as of 2012 is detailed.
\n \n\n \n \nThe paper is based on an exploratory study set out to examine the current movement of people to Southern Sudan from Uganda and the extent to which such movements are a result of historical, political, economic and social inter-linkages between the people of Uganda and southern Sudan. In particular, the study explored movements of Ugandans to southern Sudan after the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in January 2005. The study was based on three research questions that is, what historical, political, economic or social factors bind the people of Southern Sudan and Uganda; to what extent do these inter-linkages offer an explanation for the current movement of people? What factors facilitate the movement of people between the two countries? A desk review of available literature and field visits were carried out as part of the data collection process. Field research, using a qualitative approaches, was carried out in Southern Sudan in the towns of Yei and Kajo Keji; in Uganda, Koboko, Moyo and Adjumani. Data analysis was based on emerging themes using ATLAS software. The findings of the study revealed that South Sudan as a country emerging out of conflict has attracted a wide array of migrants. This has been facilitated in part by prior linkages between south Sudan and Uganda. However, it is difficult to measure the extent to which prior linkages contribute to population movements.
\n \n\n \n \nThis article analyses the role of border regimes and post-colonial ties in Caribbean migration between 1960 and 2010. Over this period, 18 out of 25 countries in the Caribbean region have experienced the closure of borders by their former colonial state, while the remaining seven former colonies have retained open borders with their metropolitan state. In view of the academic and policy debate about the effects of border restrictions, the Caribbean region allows the comparison of emigration volumes and migration destination selection from Caribbean countries with both closed and open borders. Moreover, because the Caribbean region was colonised by Britain, France, the Netherlands and the United States, we examine whether post-colonial ties influence long-term Caribbean emigration, allowing migrants to overcome border regime restrictions. The article finds that countries with closed borders with the former colonial state do not experience a decrease but rather a strong increase in long-term emigration. In fact, emigration gradually regains strength after border closure as migration channels to new destinations develop. Thus, border closure seems to encourage a weakening of \u2018post-colonial\u2019 migration patterns through the diversification of emigration towards destinations other than the former colonial state and its former colonies. Conversely, the increase of emigration from countries with open borders has decelerated and generally remained concentrated towards countries within the free-movement colonial sphere. This suggests that the post-colonial migration patterns may be associated with continuous open borders as much as with cultural and linguistic connections.
\n \n\n \n \nThis edited volume asks how the arrival of migrants at one time influences the decisions of those considering migration later. Through a set of case studies of migration in twelve 'corridors', it shows how different forms of feedback by different actors and through different channels contribute to our understanding of diverging migration flows.
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