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This article analyses the role of border regimes and post-colonial ties in Caribbean migration between 1960 and 2010. Over this period, 18 out of 25 countries in the Caribbean region have experienced the closure of borders by their former colonial state, while the remaining seven former colonies have retained open borders with their metropolitan state. In view of the academic and policy debate about the effects of border restrictions, the Caribbean region allows the comparison of emigration volumes and migration destination selection from Caribbean countries with both closed and open borders. Moreover, because the Caribbean region was colonised by Britain, France, the Netherlands and the United States, we examine whether post-colonial ties influence long-term Caribbean emigration, allowing migrants to overcome border regime restrictions. The article finds that countries with closed borders with the former colonial state do not experience a decrease but rather a strong increase in long-term emigration. In fact, emigration gradually regains strength after border closure as migration channels to new destinations develop. Thus, border closure seems to encourage a weakening of \u2018post-colonial\u2019 migration patterns through the diversification of emigration towards destinations other than the former colonial state and its former colonies. Conversely, the increase of emigration from countries with open borders has decelerated and generally remained concentrated towards countries within the free-movement colonial sphere. This suggests that the post-colonial migration patterns may be associated with continuous open borders as much as with cultural and linguistic connections.
\n \n\n \n \nThis edited volume asks how the arrival of migrants at one time influences the decisions of those considering migration later. Through a set of case studies of migration in twelve 'corridors', it shows how different forms of feedback by different actors and through different channels contribute to our understanding of diverging migration flows.
\n \n\n \n \nThis paper aims at opening a discussion about the possibility of using a re-conceptualised cosmopolitan paradigm for understanding new forms of belonging, as well as the various types and natures of intercultural relations and practices amongst the diverse populations in Johannesburg and other major African cities. After briefly reviewing the notion of cosmopolitanism as well as giving a cursory overview on different forms of belonging in Africa and African cities, the paper will outline the concepts of \u2018practical cosmopolitanism\u2019 and of moral, inclusive \u2018cosmopolitan consciousness\u2019. Finally, it will pose a set of future research questions, and emphasise the need for empirical research in order to apply the cosmopolitan paradigm in a more critical and productive way - in the academic and possibly even social realm - than is currently possible.
\n \n\n \n \nIn January 2012, a new derd\u00e9 (traditional leader) of the Teda in northern Chad was officially appointed. Held in the Tibesti, a remote, notoriously unruly but strategically important part of the Sahara, the investiture ceremony was attended by Teda from throughout the country and neighboring Libya and Niger, as well as by an impressive number of Chadian civil servants and international diplomats. Yet the ceremony itself was short and messy. Similarly, the historical underpinnings of the institution of the derd\u00e9 and the selection process were unclear, leaving much room for debate. This uncertainty appears to lie at the heart of the institution of the derd\u00e9. Far from a resurgence of 'traditional authority' to make up for 'state failure' or to partake in the restructuring of postcolonial states\u2014as observed elsewhere on the African continent\u2014the investiture ceremony confirmed the decentralised nature of Teda social organisation and the absence of even attempted governance, both with regards to the Chadian state and local political institutions. What mattered from a local point of view were not long-term strategies of power and control, but rather the immediate and gloriously wasteful distribution of wealth. Admiring eyes were turned not toward the derd\u00e9 or the state officials who appointed him, but instead toward high-ranking military officers, well-dressed urban Libyan Teda, and trans-border smugglers, models of rapid but often short-lived success. This provides a counterexample to the current emphasis on governance and power in the analysis of African states and politics.
\n \n\n \n \nDans le contexte actuel il y a lieu de souligner les mutations profondes que vivent les mobilit\u00e9s au sein de l\u2019espace m\u00e9diterran\u00e9en. Il s\u2019agit de la diversification des formes de la mobilit\u00e9 et des enjeux de cette mobilit\u00e9. Celle-ci concerne la migration classique, certes, mais aussi les mouvements li\u00e9s au tourisme dans les deux sens, les d\u00e9placements d\u2019hommes d\u2019affaires et des commer\u00e7ants qu\u2019ils soient formels ou informels, les \u00e9tudiants, les anciens migrants retourn\u00e9s au pays, les anciens combattants, les contrebandiers. Il s\u2019agit ensuite de la tendance \u00e0 la transnationalisation de cette mobilit\u00e9 dans la mesure o\u00f9 les mouvements ne lient plus un pays d\u2019origine et un pays de destination mais participent \u00e0 des r\u00e9seaux \u00e0 cheval sur plusieurs pays. Or, la gestion de cette mobilit\u00e9 et les int\u00e9r\u00eats des chercheurs se focalisent sur une seule dimension de ces diverses mobilit\u00e9s: la migration, l\u00e9gale autrefois et clandestine aujourd\u2019hui, en occultant toutes les autres dimensions qui continuent \u00e0 faire la sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9 du bassin m\u00e9diterran\u00e9en.\r\nPartant de ces divers constats, le cas du Maroc et de l\u2019Espagne (et au sein de l\u2019Espagne, l\u2019Andalousie) apparaissent comme des pi\u00e8ces articul\u00e9es d\u2019un sous syst\u00e8me migratoire m\u00e9diterran\u00e9en\u2013occidental qu\u2019il faut revisiter \u00e0 la lumi\u00e8re de cette dynamique mobilitaire.\r\nLes \u00e9tudes sur les migrations internationales ont \u00e9t\u00e9 longtemps enferm\u00e9es dans une logique spatiale unidirectionnelle en figeant les mouvements dans un unique couple, origine\u2013destination, alors que la compr\u00e9hension des migrations, comme processus social, doit se poser des questions sur les trajectoires dans l\u2019espace et dans le temps. Par ailleurs, les travaux sur les migrations, men\u00e9es souvent \u00e0 une grande \u00e9chelle, manquent souvent de donn\u00e9es chiffr\u00e9es fiables, se positionnent dans la plupart des cas par rapport \u00e0 un seul p\u00f4le du flux et recourent \u00e0 des sch\u00e9mas explicatifs essentiellement d\u00e9mographiques ou d\u2019ordre socio-\u00e9conomique. \r\nLe projet de recherche dans lequel s\u2019inscrit cette communication ambitionne de passer du paradigme migratoire \u00e0 un paradigme de mobilit\u00e9 en focalisant la recherche de fa\u00e7on simultan\u00e9e sur les deux p\u00f4les du mouvement (r\u00e9gions d\u2019origines et r\u00e9gions d\u2019accueil) tout en les liant \u00e0 d\u2019autres p\u00f4les transversaux et ce \u00e0 travers la migration des Marocains vers l\u2019Andalousie. Il s\u2019agit en somme d\u2019un regard crois\u00e9 sur cette migration, en plus de l'int\u00e9gration \u00e0 cette mobilit\u00e9 celle, aussi complexe, de la famille de l'\u00e9migr\u00e9 dans le pays d'origine.
\n \n\n \n \nThis book outlines what theory for a global age might look like, positing an agenda for consideration, contestation and discussion, and a framework for the research-led volumes that follow in the series.\r\nGurminder K. Bhambra takes up the classical concerns of sociology and social theory and shows how they can be rethought through an engagement with postcolonial studies and decoloniality, two of the most distinctive critical approaches of the past decades.
\n \n\n \n \nThis timely text explores the lives, histories and identities of white British-born immigrants in South Africa, twenty years after the post-apartheid Government took office. Drawing on over sixty in depth biographical interviews and ethnographic work in Johannesburg, Pietermaritzburg and Cape Town, Daniel Conway and Pauline Leonard analyse how British immigrants' relate to, participate in and embody South Africa's complex racial and political history. Through their everyday lives, political and social attitudes, relationships with the places and spaces of South Africa, as well as their expectations of the future, the complexities of their transnational, raced and classed identities and senses of belonging are revealed. Migration, Space and Transnational Identities makes an important contribution to sociological, geographical, political and anthropological debates on transnational migration, whiteness, Britishness and lifestyle, tourism and labour migration.
\n \n\n \n \nIn Europe, it is often assumed that African immigrants intend to settle permanently in the host country. Is this really the case? Do migrants only return home when they are encouraged or forced to do so by the authorities? Using data from the MAFE research programme (Migrations between Africa and Europe), Marie-Laurence Flahaux, Cris Beauchemin and Bruno Schoumaker analyse the factors behind the return migration of Senegalese and Congolese migrants leaving Europe.
\n \n\n \n \nComprising 18 contributions, this book is a tribute to Robin Cohen's academic scholarship and intellectual impact. Some 50 colleagues and friends from the Caribbean, Africa, Europe, Canada and the USA gathered in Oxford for two days of reflection, celebration and recollection on the occasion of his seventieth birthday. The editors have included a selection of interventions from what was called the 'Robinfest', covering Robin Cohen's interests in labour studies, social movements, globalization, creolization, diaspora and migration. There are also a number of more personal accounts that attest to his qualities and influence. Robin Cohen worked and undertook research in many countries and made commanding contributions to international labour issues and the study of diasporas. His two books, 'The New Helots' and 'Global Diasporas' bookended the Oxford event. This collection is a keepsake of the occasion and one that will be of interest to those who have been affected by his work.
\n \n\n \n \nThis book presents a range of innovative and creative methods which have recently been developed in the conduct of migration research in several African countries.\r\n\r\nWhile migration out of Africa has become the subject of growing interest and concern, there has been much less research into patterns of international migration within the continent, only a small fraction of which may result in journeys to Europe, North America and beyond. This dearth of research has been due to limited institutional capacity, the short-term policy agendas of international organisations, and the absence or poor nature of official statistics. This book goes some way towards addressing this gap by showcasing the sheer diversity of African migration patterns and the various ways they can be approached empirically.\r\n\r\nThe chapters show how a variety of less conventional and often cost-effective methodologies can greatly contribute to mapping African migration, and how they can help to obtain valuable empirical data in contexts where appropriate sampling frames are often absent, migrant populations are difficult to identify or approach and resources are limited. The book also addresses the more fundamental methodological and epistemological questions underpinning the different methods of data collection.\r\n\r\nThe contributors cover key methodological issues including methods for random and non-random sampling drawing on a variety of data sources; single-sited, multi-sited, matched and \u2018on-the-move\u2019 methods for data collection; the use of spatial samples; and the use of non-conventional data sources such as marriage registers and information obtained through NGOs working with migrants. Several chapters present innovative methodologies based on studying vulnerable or difficult-to-approach migrant populations that traditional methodologies have difficulties capturing, such as undocumented migrants, child migrants, refugees and migrants who are \u2018in transit\u2019. Two chapters focus on methodologies that allow us to measure the enforcement of migration policy and the role of corruption officials in migration processes. The book also critically considers the need for representativity and shows different ways in which multi-method approaches and data triangulation can generate valuable knowledge on migration. The book addresses crucial ethical and safety issues which are particularly important when conducting research among vulnerable populations.\r\n\r\nBesides appealing to an academic audience including migration specialists, Africanists and students, the volume will also be useful to a broader readership of researchers, practitioners, NGOs and governments involved in migration research and/or interested in research methods and methodologies. The chapters present techniques that can be applied in constrained research contexts not only in Africa but also in other parts of the world.
\n \n\n \n \nResearch into mobility is an exciting challenge for the social sciences that raises novel social, cultural, spatial and ethical questions. At the heart of these empirical and theoretical complexities lies the question of methodology: how can we best capture and understand a planet in flux? Methodologies of Mobility speaks beyond disciplinary boundaries to the methodological challenges and possibilities of engaging with a world on the move. With scholars continuing to face different forms and scales of mobility, this volume strategically traces innovative ways of designing, applying and reflecting on both established and cutting-edge methodologies of mobility.
\n \n\n \n \nUna frontera entre la Uni\u00f3n Europea y \u00c1frica est\u00e1 en construcci\u00f3n, en gran parte gracias al fen\u00f3meno de la migraci\u00f3n irregular. Este art\u00edculo examinar\u00e1 esta frontera euroafricana a trav\u00e9s del sistema transnacional de control migratorio impulsado por la agencia europea para las fronteras exteriores, Frontex. Bas\u00e1ndose en entrevistas etnogr\u00e1ficas con la Guardia Civil y otras agencias claves, el art\u00edculo considerar\u00e1 el papel de lo <> en un nuevo r\u00e9gimen fronterizo basado en la relaci\u00f3n entre integrated border management y el enfoque global sobre migraci\u00f3n. El art\u00edculo se enfocar\u00e1 en el proyecto HERA, considerada la m\u00e1s \"exitosa\" de las operaciones Frontex. La justificaci\u00f3n del proyecto depende en gran parte del rescate humanitario y la prevenci\u00f3n de traves\u00edas peligrosas. Este razonamiento permite desarrollar una frontera difusa en vez de una simple l\u00ednea de separaci\u00f3n -una borderland, no una borderline-. Se podr\u00eda hablar de un emergente e-border o frontera electr\u00f3nica extendi\u00e9ndose desde el Mediterr\u00e1neo hasta Senegal, controlado desde Varsovia, Madrid y Las Palmas en una red involucrando sistemas sofisticados de comunicaci\u00f3n y vigilancia. Pero la e-frontera es una construcci\u00f3n fr\u00e1gil afectada por, entre otros factores, las exigencias de \u00abterceros pa\u00edses>>, la fluidez de rutas migratorias y las complicaciones legales. En segundo lugar, el art\u00edculo contrastar\u00e1 la obra <> con la \u00abpr\u00e1ctica fronteriza\u00bb de activistas y migrantes. La extemalizaci\u00f3n de controles migratorios ha impulsado nuevas formas de movilizaci\u00f3n transnacional alrededor de una <> que a veces coincide con la efrontera y otras veces la desaf\u00eda. En palabras de un activista de Mal\u00ed, la frontera de la UE ha llegado hasta la zona des\u00e9rtica entre su pa\u00eds y Mauritania. Pero en la b\u00fasqueda activista de una frontera donde se pueda protestar hace resaltar lo ilocalizable que resulta la frontera euroafricana. Sigue invisible y difusa, en todos lados y en ninguno. Los activistas y migrantes s\u00f3lo pueden golpear una valla ilusoria que, con cada golpe, parad\u00f3jicamente se hace m\u00e1s real.
\n \n\n \n \nSundaymah and Sundaygar are two siblings who live in Grand Bassa County in Liberia. On the way to visit their Auntie Mardie's house in Monrovia, they encounter various characters in the big city and have an experience that introduces them to a very important word.
\n \n\n \n \nIn recent years, a growing amount of research has documented, on one hand, the influence of social networks in international migration and, on the other, important gender differences in the migration process. However, as noted by Curran and Saguy (2001), research integrating both social networks and gender issues in the analysis of migration processes has remained rare. Criticizing the general assumption that networks influence in the same way male and female mobility, the few existing studies on this topic have provided empirical evidence of a differential impact of networks on men and women prospective migrants but also of a differential influence of male and female networks (Curran & Rivero Fuentes, \u201803; Davis & Winter, \u201801; Stecklov et al., \u201808). \r\nUsing recent longitudinal and comparable data collected in Senegal and DR Congo within the framework of the MAFE (Migration between African and Europe) project, our paper further investigates gender differences in the role of migrant networks. More precisely, our research has the following objectives: first, to assess the extent to which the effect of migrant networks on individual migration propensities varies with gender; second, to investigate whether men and women mobilize different types of network connections for migrating and whether they use these networks differently. Event-history modelling techniques are the main methodological tools of our paper.
\n \n\n \n \nCette contribution est bas\u00e9e sur les principaux r\u00e9sultats de mon projet de recherche de doctorat. Ceci visait \u00e0 explorer les processus de construction du genre et de la sexualit\u00e9 entre deux g\u00e9n\u00e9rations de femmes - m\u00e8res et filles - qui se d\u00e9placent entre le Maroc et l'Italie et \u00e0 illustrer les transformations en cours dans le cadre des migrations mondialis\u00e9es. Cette \u00e9tude a examin\u00e9 l'une des principales institutions qui contribuent \u00e0 reproduire l'ordre de genre et la sexualit\u00e9 - le mariage. En particulier, la recherche voulait jeter une lumi\u00e8re sur certains aspects li\u00e9s aux transformations des mod\u00e8les de la famille en contexte de migration. Nous avons illustr\u00e9 les changements qui se produisent sur le march\u00e9 du mariage, avec une attention particuli\u00e8re pour les pratiques et les significations attribu\u00e9es aux strat\u00e9gies de mariage sans perdre de vue d'autres aspects comme l'organisation de la vie conjugale.
\n \n\n \n \nThis paper investigates the relation between mobility and fieldwork in geography. It is based on research on transit migration in the Central Sahara. Mobility is treated as the spatial dimension of fieldwork, as the opening of new grounds newly perceived which changes the kind of empiric data produced in migration studies. The paper aims to reflect on the mobility of the observer under two aspects : mobility in the field and mobility as fieldwork. Mobility in the field, i. e. movement between different but related field-sites, helps to contextualise each research locality and each phenomenon observed from different angles. At the same time, mobility is in itself a 'field-site', a privileged moment of observation and discussion. As a consequence, researchers themselves need to become mobile in order to study migration from the inside and to grasp the fleeting and unstable social constructions that mobility produces.
\n \n\n \n \nThis article provides an empirical assessment of global scientific mobility over the past four\r\ndecades. Based on bibliometric data we find (i) an increasing diversity of origin and destination\r\ncountries integrated in global scientific mobility, with (ii) the centre of gravity of scientific\r\nknowledge production and migration destinations moving continuously eastwards by about 1300\r\nkm per decade, (iii) an increase in average migration distances of scientists reflecting integration\r\nof global peripheries into the global science system, (iv) significantly lower mobility frictions for\r\ninternationally mobile scientists compared to non\u2010scientist migrants, (v) with visa restrictions\r\nestablishing a statistically significant barrier affecting international mobility of scientists\r\nhampering the global diffusion of scientific knowledge.
\n \n\n \n \nExpanding access to formal education is a universal aim of development policy worldwide, and young people today are gaining access to schooling on unprecedented levels. Taking Ethiopia as a case study, this paper explores the mobility impacts of increasing educational attainment. First, we analyse internal migration data for Ethiopia using national Labour Force Survey data, and find that that rural-to-urban migration has now replaced rural-to-rural migration as most common migration trajectory within Ethiopia. The pursuit of work and education were key motivations for rural-to-urban migration, and those with higher levels of education moved more. Second, we show how rising levels of primary and secondary education influence aspirations to migrate, distinguishing between internal and international destinations. Using novel survey data collected among rural and urban Ethiopian youth for the Young Lives project, we find that even completing primary levels of education increases the aspiration to live elsewhere. By studying the linkages between education and migration aspirations, alongside other development indicators like wealth, employment, and levels of self-efficacy, this paper contributes to an on-going debate about the relationship between development and migration and challenges common assumptions that migration is simply driven by poverty and need in poorer countries.
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